Month: April 2025

The Precision of Personalized Training

At Clay, we believe that optimal health and performance stem from understanding your body’s unique physiology. Zone 2 training—exercising at a specific heart rate zone to maximize fat oxidation and mitochondrial efficiency—is foundational to this approach.

To accurately determine an individual’s true Zone 2, we collaborate with Oval, utilizing their advanced lactate threshold testing technology. This partnership allows us to tailor training programs that align with each client’s metabolic profile, ensuring effective and sustainable results.

---

Before Anything Else, You Need to Understand Lactate Threshold.

Lactate threshold refers to the exercise intensity at which lactate begins to accumulate in the bloodstream faster than it can be removed. This point is crucial because it signifies a shift from predominantly aerobic metabolism to anaerobic metabolism. Training just below this threshold—within Zone 2—enhances mitochondrial density and function, improving the body’s ability to utilize oxygen for energy production.

In my own training, I’ve learned firsthand how staying just below this threshold improves my endurance and metabolic efficiency over time. It’s humbling, but necessary, to slow down to truly build capacity. With patients at Clay, I’ve seen remarkable improvements in fatigue resistance and metabolic markers after consistent training in their personalized Zone 2 ranges.

Studies have shown that consistent Zone 2 training increases the activity of mitochondrial enzymes, leading to better endurance and metabolic health (Coyle et al., 1991; San-Millán & Brooks, 2018; Laursen & Jenkins, 2002).

Making Room for Zone 2 In Your Workouts

Incorporating Zone 2 training into your routine doesn’t require exhaustive efforts. Activities like brisk walking, cycling, or light jogging, maintained at a pace where conversation is comfortable, are effective. I advise clients to find that pace where they’re just under the edge—breathing deeply but not gasping. That’s the sweet spot.

Personally, I aim for 45 minutes of Zone 2 jogging or cycling 3-4 times a week, keeping my heart rate dialed into my lactate threshold insights from Oval. That feedback keeps me honest and efficient. I recommend the same for most clients who regularly exercise: 30-60 minutes, 3-5 times per week, depending on goals and baseline fitness.

We also encourage flexibility. If you’re on your feet all day or have a hard workout planned tomorrow, 30 minutes of Zone 2 is plenty.

For more tips, check out Inigo San-Millán, one of the leading voices in lactate metabolism research, and Peter Attia’s work, who regularly covers the longevity impact of Zone 2 training.

Integrating Zone 2 into Clay’s Health Optimization Programs

At Clay, our Health Optimization clients benefit from personalized programs that incorporate Zone 2 training as a cornerstone. During onsite appointments at Clay clinics, I walk clients through lactate threshold testing myself, explaining what we’re measuring and how the data applies to their daily lives.

By identifying each individual’s lactate threshold through Oval’s testing, we tailor exercise prescriptions that align with their metabolic capabilities and goals. This approach ensures that clients train efficiently, avoid overtraining, and achieve sustainable improvements in health and performance.

To see our approach in action, here’s Clay CEO, Joel Nelson breaking down a lactate threshold test using Oval’s technology at our Henderson, NV clinic:

Oval’s portable lactate meter and software give us real-time visibility into how your body uses energy across intensities. This test helps us personalize both low-intensity endurance work and high-intensity intervals for smarter gains.

Finding the sweet spot. A Clay Coach uses Oval’s lactate pulse tech to uncover True Zone 2—where endurance gains and fat burn really take off.

Elite Tools Belong To Everyone

Our mission at Clay is to democratize access to elite-level health and performance tools. By leveraging data-driven assessments like lactate threshold testing, we provide clients with insights previously reserved for professional athletes.

We believe that everyone deserves to understand their body on a deeper level. That means replacing guesswork with measurement, and ambition with a smart plan. By combining assessments with health coaching, we help each person move toward a more metabolically flexible and physically capable version of themselves.

What Metabolic Insights Do We Gain?

Lactate threshold testing provides valuable insights into an individual’s metabolic responses during exercise. By identifying the precise point where lactate begins to accumulate, we can determine the true Zone 2 heart rate range, ensuring that training is both effective and safe.

This is where fat oxidation peaks—Zone 2 is your body’s fat-burning engine. Beyond that threshold, your body shifts to burning primarily carbohydrates. So when you’re training just below that point, you’re training your body to become metabolically flexible.

We also use this test to define Zone 5—your max output—used in high-intensity intervals. This clarity allows for intentional, polarized training that combines smart recovery and smart intensity.

More info on this can be found via Heart Rate Training by Phil Maffetone and Steven Seiler’s polarized training research.

MetFlex Index: Measuring Metabolic Fitness

At Clay, we utilize the MetFlex Index to assess an individual’s metabolic flexibility—the ability to efficiently switch between fuel sources like fats and carbohydrates. A higher MetFlex Index indicates a more adaptable metabolism, which is associated with better health outcomes and performance.

We score metabolic fitness based on data from the lactate test and combine it with insights from body composition, nutrition intake, and recovery patterns. This comprehensive view empowers us to design health strategies that build long-term resilience—not just short-term performance.

Empowering Health Through Precision

By partnering with Oval and integrating lactate threshold testing into our programs, Clay provides clients with the tools and insights necessary for personalized, effective training. This approach not only enhances performance but also promotes longevity. Through data-driven strategies and a commitment to accessibility, we empower individuals to take control of their health journeys and understand their own inner workings on a deeper, metabolic level. It’s a fantastic “ah-ha” moment to witness and one of the true highlights of my job here at Clay.

What is Zone 2 Training?

Most people think of cardio as an all-out sprint or a long, exhausting grind. But what if the most powerful form of cardiovascular exercise was also the most sustainable, the most restorative, and the most overlooked?

Welcome to Zone 2.

Zone 2 training is one of the most effective — and underutilized — tools for long-term health, performance, and longevity. At Clay, we consider it a non-negotiable foundation. It’s where we start with nearly every client, regardless of age, goal, or experience level.

Whether you’re an athlete chasing performance, someone focused on fat loss, or simply aiming to live with more energy and resilience, Zone 2 is the metabolic base camp you don’t want to skip.

---

Benefits of Zone 2 Training

Zone 2 training refers to aerobic exercise performed at a low-to-moderate intensity — just below the point where your body shifts from using fat to using carbohydrates as its primary fuel source. This sweet spot delivers compounding returns.

Here’s what consistent Zone 2 training does:

Cardiovascular Health

• Strengthens the heart, improving stroke volume and efficiency
• Reduces resting heart rate and blood pressure
• Enhances capillary density and oxygen delivery

Metabolic Flexibility

• Trains your body to burn fat more efficiently at rest and during movement
• Improves mitochondrial function (your body’s cellular energy factories)
• Enhances insulin sensitivity and glucose regulation

Recovery and Performance

• Increases ability to recover between high-intensity efforts
• Supports endurance, movement economy, and stamina
• Reduces inflammation and oxidative stress over time

Fat Loss & Longevity

• Associated with improved biological aging markers and mitochondrial health
• Burns fat without over-stressing the nervous system or spiking cortisol
• Preserves muscle while improving metabolic health

Zone 2 Training Protocols

Duration:

Start with 30 minutes and work toward 45–60 minutes per session.

Frequency:

Aim for 3–5 sessions per week, depending on your goals and training background.

Intensity:

The simplest way to find an approximate Zone 2 is via what’s known as the “Talk Test” where during cardio exercise, you can talk in full sentences, but you’re not breathing effortlessly.

More specifically, it falls around:

• 60–70% of max heart rate
• 2–3 on a 1–10 perceived effort scale
• Lactate threshold under 2 mmol/L (if testing)

Keep in mind that the “Talk Test” is no replacement for the best-in-class tools such as Lactate Threshold Testing and VO2 Max (more on both of these shortly!).

Modality:

Any aerobic activity works — walking, jogging, cycling, rowing, hiking, swimming — as long as you can sustain it at the appropriate intensity for a prolonged time.

Finding the Zone—Andrew Browning leads a lactate threshold test with an Optimization Client at Clay Henderson to pinpoint optimal Zone 2.

Zone 2 for Different Populations

Athletes

• Use Zone 2 to build an aerobic base that supports performance in all energy systems.
• Increases endurance, improves recovery between sets, and buffers high-intensity sessions.

Older Adults

• Prioritizes heart and mitochondrial health while being joint-friendly.
• Can be adapted to walking, biking, or pool work to reduce risk of injury.
• Critical for improving glucose control and preserving cognitive health.

Women

• Especially beneficial during peri- and postmenopausal transitions to improve metabolic health and reduce central fat gain.
• Can be timed with menstrual cycle phases — lower intensity during the luteal phase, for instance, when energy levels may dip.
• Supports hormonal balance and helps mitigate insulin resistance.

Zone 2 is the Foundation

Here’s how to integrate it:

• HIIT / Strength Days: Use Zone 2 on alternate days to promote recovery.
• Mobility Work: Consider combining with light movement or walking to create restorative sessions.
• Overtraining Prevention: Too much high-intensity work can lead to burnout, poor sleep, or hormone dysregulation — Zone 2 offsets that stress.

“If HIIT and strength are the flashy headliners, Zone 2 is the roadie making sure the show doesn’t fall apart.” — Andrew Browning, Coaching Director

Tools for Zone 2 Success

How to Monitor:

• Heart Rate Monitors: Chest straps (Polar, Garmin) are more accurate than wrist-based options.
• Perceived Exertion Scale (RPE): 2–3 out of 10. You should be able to talk but not sing.
• Lactate Testing (Advanced): Devices like Oval can help pinpoint precise thresholds.

Helpful Apps & Devices:

• Moxy Monitor: Measures muscle oxygenation for advanced athletes
• WHOOP / Oura: Great for recovery and HR trends
• Garmin / COROS: Ideal for live HR tracking and endurance sport integration
• Polar H10: Gold standard chest strap monitor
• TrainingPeaks: Great for long-term tracking and workouts

Zone 2 Insights from the Clay Care Team

Maggie Riemenschneider, PA-C
“For my clients struggling with energy crashes or blood sugar swings, Zone 2 training often becomes a game-changer. It’s one of the most underutilized tools for supporting hormonal balance and restoring baseline resilience — especially for women dealing with perimenopause or adrenal dysfunction.”

Andrew Browning, Coaching Director
“Most people overestimate how intense Zone 2 should feel. You should be able to hold a conversation, breathe through your nose, and finish the session feeling like you could do more. This isn’t weakness — it’s strategy.”

Dr. Allen Gorman, Medical Director
“Zone 2 taps into mitochondrial adaptation — this is where the real metabolic magic happens. After educating patients on Zone 2, I notice that some are underwhelmed by it, but I’m telling you, it’s the base of energy efficiency and longevity.”